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JAK kinases: see Janus kinases.
Janus kinases (JAKs): also known as JAK kinases, a family of tyrosine kinases (ie, enzymes which phosphorylate tyrosine residues in proteins) which are essential in the signaling cascade of cytokines such as interferon. JAKs bind to interferon receptors and phosphorylates tyrosine residues on the receptors following ligand-receptor binding. They are named after Janus, the Roman god of gates and doorways who is described as having two faces and these kinases have two phosphate-transferring domains.
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction: a reaction to toxins released by dead and dying spirochaetes such as those responsible for syphilis when treated with penicillins or other antibiotics. These toxins cause a variety of side effects including pyrexia, tachycardia, headache, myalgia and exacerbation of cutaneous lesions. Although it is a transient, short-term immunologic reaction it can be fatal if untreated.
Jatrophane diterpenoids: a family of multidrug resistant modulators obtained from plants of the genus Euphorbia which act by inhibiting the production of permeability glycoprotein in the plasma membrane of bacteria and tumour cells. They have been investigated for their effects on reversing multidrug resistance in bacteria and their chemosensitizing effects in tumour cells. Examples include jatrowedione.
Jejunum preparation: an in vitro tissue preparation commonly of rabbit jejunum used to investigate the effects of compounds at α2-adrenoceptor sites.
Jerne plaque assay: also known as the hemolytic plaque assay, an assay used to count the number of antibody producing cells.
Jerne NK and Nordin AA. Plaque formation in agar by single antibody-producing cells Science (1963) Apr 26;140:405
Jimpy mouse (jp): a genetically (X-linked) hypomyelinating murine mutant mouse used to study neurological disorders.
Joro spider toxin (JSTx): toxin from the Joro spider (Nephila clavata) a specific antagonist of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors.
JSTx: Joro spider toxin
Jumping test: a method to determine the physical dependence capacity of analgesics.
Saelens JK et al. The mouse jumping test-a simple screening method to estimate the physical dependence capacity of analgesics. Arch Int Pharmacodyn (1971) 190: 213-218